1. Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies
- Definition, scope, and absolute importance of environmental literacy.
- The critical need for public awareness and institutional participation.
2. Natural Resources (Renewable and Non-renewable)
- Forest Resources: Over-exploitation, deforestation, and the social impact of timber extraction.
- Water Resources: Utilization of surface and ground water, flood and drought management, and conflict over dams.
- Mineral Resources: Social and environmental hazards of mining and resource extraction.
- Food Resources: Global food security problems, modern agriculture changes, and fertilizer-pesticide issues.
- Energy Resources: Transitioning from fossil fuels to alternative, renewable energy like solar and wind.
- Land Resources: Soil erosion, land degradation, and desertification cycles.
3. Ecosystems
- Concept, structural components (abiotic and biotic), and functional systems.
- Producers, consumers, and decomposers.
- Energy flow dynamics, ecological pyramids, food chains, and food webs.
- Case studies of forest, grassland, desert, and aquatic ecosystems.
4. Biodiversity and its Conservation
- Genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
- Biogeographical classification of India and its recognition as a mega-diversity nation.
- Threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflicts.
- Conservation techniques: In-situ (sanctuaries/national parks) and Ex-situ (zoos/seed banks) approaches.
5. Environmental Pollution
- Causes, effects, and stringent mitigation strategies for:
- Air, Water, and Soil Pollution.
- Marine and Noise Pollution.
- Thermal and Nuclear hazards.
- Solid waste management frameworks for urban and industrial trash.
- Disaster management response guidelines for floods, earthquakes, and cyclones.
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