Outlines of Indian Philosophy BY Jadunath Sinha(NCBA)

Name: Outlines of Indian Philosophy BY Jadunath Sinha(NCBA) - Booksbp.com
SKU: 9788173812033
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SKU: 9788173812033

1. General Introduction

- Common Characteristics: The spiritual nature, the focus on liberation (Moksha), and the practical, life-guiding essence of Indian thought.
- Core Concepts: Brief breakdowns of Karma, Samsara (the cycle of rebirth), Puruṣārthas (the goals of life), and Pramana (theories of knowledge).

2. Heterodox Systems (Nastika)

- Schools that reject the absolute authority of the Vedas:
  - - Cārvāka (Materialism): Focuses on perception as the only source of true knowledge (Pramana), a rejection of the soul/afterlife (Dehātmavāda), and materialistic ethics.
    - Jainism: Explores the concept of reality (Sat), substances (Dravya and Guṇa), soul (Jiva) versus non-soul (Ajiva), and the famous doctrines of relativity: Anekāntavāda (many-sidedness of reality) and Syādvāda (relativity of judgments).
    - Buddhism: Covers the Four Noble Truths, Pratītyasamutpāda (dependent origination), Kṣaṇabhaṅgavāda (momentariness), Nairātmavāda (no-self), and an introduction to the major Hinayana and Mahayana sub-schools.

3. Orthodox Systems (Astika – Shaddarshana)

Schools that accept the authority of the Vedas, structured into three pairs:
- Nyāya & Vaiśeṣika: Nyāya logic and epistemology (perception, inference, comparison, testimony), their Asatkāryavāda theory of causation, and the Vaiśeṣika atomism and structural categories of reality (Padārthas).
- Sāṁkhya & Yoga: Sāṁkhya dualism involving Puruṣa (pure consciousness) and Prakṛti (matter), the three Gunas (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas), and the evolution of the cosmos. The Yoga school addresses the mental disciplines, the modification of mind-stuff, and the integration of Isvara (God) into practice.
- Mīmāṁsā & Vedānta: Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā ritualism, textual interpretation, and concepts like Apurva. Uttara-Mīmāṁsā (Vedānta) explores the ultimate nature of Brahman, Atman, and Maya. It reviews major sub-traditions including Advaita Vedānta (Śaṅkara’s non-dualism) and Viśiṣṭādvaita (Rāmānuja’s qualified non-dualism