1. Cellular Organization & Histology
- The Plant Cell & Wall Structure: Detailed exploration of microscopic cell structures, ultra-structure of plant cell walls, and biosynthesis pathways of cell-wall components.
- Meristematic Tissues: Structural classifications of meristems, theories regarding the shoot apex and root apex organization (e.g., Tunica-Corpus theory).
- Permanent Tissue Systems: Comprehensive analysis of simple permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma) and complex permanent conducting tissues (xylem and phloem components).
- Epidermal & Secretory Systems: Structure of the epidermis, trichomes, stomatal complexes, and specialized secretory structures (glands, laticifers).
2. Comparative Internal Structures (Primary Body)
- Stem Anatomy: Differences between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous stems, vascular bundle orientations, and cortex layouts.
- Root Anatomy: Microscopic layouts of monocot and dicot root systems, including endodermis and pericycle functions.
- Leaf Anatomy: Internal organization of dorsiventral (dicot) and isobilateral (monocot) leaves, mesophyll differentiation, and vascular architecture.
3. Plant Development & Growth Dynamics
- Normal Secondary Growth: Activity of the vascular cambium and cork cambium, creation of secondary xylem (wood), secondary phloem, and periderm.
- Anomalous Secondary Growth: Structural variations in unusual monocot and dicot stem developments (e.g., abnormal cambial activity).
- Nodal Anatomy: Study of leaf gaps and traces establishing vascular connectivity between the stem and leaves.
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