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Medical Biochemistry and Biotechnology BY Mohammed Amanullah, (NCBA)
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🌟 1. The Later Mughals & Empire Decline
- Succession Wars: Political instability following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.
- Weak Rulers: The reigns of Bahadur Shah I, Farrukhsiyar, and Muhammad Shah “Rangeela”.
- Rise of Factions: Internal court rivalries between Irani, Turani, and Hindustani noble factions.
- Foreign Invasions: The devastating raids by Nadir Shah of Persia (1739) and Ahmad Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, which broke the empire’s central authority.
🗺️ 2. Rise of Autonomous Regional States
- Bengal Nawabi: The establishment of independent rule in Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan, Shuja-ud-Din, and Alivardi Khan.
- Other Kingdoms: The emergence of powerful regional polities in Awadh (Saadat Khan), Hyderabad (Nizam-ul-Mulk), and the Maratha Confederacy.
🚢 3. European Commercial Penetration
- Trading Companies: The rivalry among the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British East India Companies for trade dominance in India.
- Royal Farmans: The impact of Golden Farman privileges, particularly the 1717 Farman granted to the British by Farrukhsiyar, which exempted them from customs duties in Bengal.
- Misuse of Dastaks: How Company servants misused free trade passes (dastaks) for personal private trade, causing massive revenue losses to local Nawabs.
⚔️ 4. The Transition to British Political Power
- Siraj-ud-Daulah’s Reign: The conflict between the young Nawab of Bengal and the English regarding the fortification of Calcutta.
- Battle of Plassey (1757): The conspiracy involving Mir Jafar and Robert Clive, leading to the Nawab’s defeat and the establishment of British puppet rulers.
- Battle of Buxar (1764): The decisive victory of the British against the joint forces of Mir Qasim (Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (Awadh), and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
- Treaty of Allahabad (1765): The formal granting of Diwani rights (the right to collect revenues) of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha to the British East India Company.
🏛️ 5. Early Company Governance & Impact
- Dual Government: The chaotic administrative system in Bengal (1765–1772) where the Company held power without responsibility, leading to the Great Bengal Famine of 1770.
- Administrative Reforms: The transition to direct territorial rule under Warren Hastings and Lord Cornwallis, introducing new legal systems and civil services.
- Agrarian Changes: The initial restructuring of land revenue collection systems that laid the groundwork for the Permanent Settlement of 1793.
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