1. Structural Chemistry & Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates: Classification, structural properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- Lipids: Chemistry of fatty acids, essential lipids, and structural classification of lipoproteins.
- Proteins & Amino Acids: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein architectures, along with structural implications in conditions like sickle cell anemia.
2. Core Metabolic Pathways
- Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and the HMP shunt.
- Lipid Metabolism: Beta-oxidation of fatty acids, ketogenesis, and cholesterol biosynthesis.
- Protein Metabolism: Transamination, deamination, and the urea cycle for nitrogen excretion.
3. Enzymes & Clinical Enzymology
- Mechanism of enzyme action, enzyme kinetics, and factors affecting enzyme velocity.
- Diagnostic importance of functional plasma enzymes (e.g., ALT, AST, LDH, and CK) in systemic diseases.
4. Molecular Biology & Genetics
- DNA and RNA structural variations.
- Replication, transcription, and translation machinery.
- Mechanics of gene regulation, including models like the Lac Operon.
5. Nutrition, Minerals, & Specialized Topics
- Vitamins: Co-enzyme functions, sources, and pathological deficiency states of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
- Mineral Metabolism: Homeostasis of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and trace elements.
- Acid-Base Balance: Role of blood buffers and kidney/lung regulation in avoiding metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.
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