1. Fundamental Properties of Fluids:-
- Basic Properties: Mathematical definitions of fluid density, relative density, mass density, and specific weight (w = ρ g).
- Fluid Pressure: Definition of pressure at a point inside a static liquid.
- Pascal’s Law: Transmission of fluid pressure undiminished in all directions through an enclosed fluid, accompanied by its rigorous mathematical proofs.
- Pressure Variation: Calculating pressure changes along a vertical column (P = P₀ + ρ gh) under the influence of gravity.
2. Thrust on Immersed Plane Surfaces
- Resultant Thrust: Calculating the total normal force (thrust) exerted by a liquid on submerged flat surfaces.
- Surface Orientations: Detailed mathematical analysis for horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes submerged in single or multiple layered fluids.
- Centre of Pressure: Formulas and geometric coordinates representing the specific point where the total fluid thrust acts on a submerged plane.
3. Thrust on Curved Surfaces
- Components of Thrust: Resolving fluid forces acting on a curved boundary into vertical and horizontal vectors.
- Resultant Force Calculation: Methods to locate the specific line of action and magnitude of the net force acting on spherical, cylindrical, and arbitrary curved structural boundaries.
4. Equilibrium of Floating Bodies
- Archimedes’ Principle: Proving and applying the principle of buoyancy (upthrust equals the weight of the fluid displaced).
- Conditions of Equilibrium: Determining the mathematical equilibrium requirements for completely submerged or partially floating bodies.
- Stability Analysis: Finding the Metacentre and calculating metacentric height to mathematically evaluate stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium states.
5. Gases and Atmospheric Hydrostatics
- Gas Laws: Hydrostatic relationships when operating with compressible fluids using Boyle’s and Charles’ laws.
- Atmospheric Equilibrium: Evaluation of pressure distributions in a gas layer under varying temperatures, convective equilibrium, and heights.
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